Mathematical analysis

SPSS getting Windows (observar. 21.0; SPSS Inc., Chi town, IL, USA) was used to possess mathematical data. Demographic features had been claimed given that volume and you can commission. Chi-rectangular attempt was used evaluate addiction and you may normal organizations into characteristics from gender, socio-economic status, family structure, depression, stress, ADHD, smoking, and you can liquor have fun with. Pearson correlation research was performed to choose the correlation ranging from cellular phone dependency scores and other variables of interest. In the end, multivariate digital logistic regression studies try did to evaluate the latest determine regarding sex, anxiety, anxiety, ADHD, puffing, and alcoholic drinks play with towards the cellular phone addiction. The research was done playing with backwards strategy, with dependency class and typical category just like the oriented details and you may females gender, despair group, nervousness group, ADHD group, smoking group, and alcohol groups due to the fact independent details. Good p value of less than 0.05 is thought to imply mathematical advantages.

Abilities

Among the many 5051 students recruited with the data, 539 was indeed excluded because of incomplete responses. Thus, a maximum of 4512 people (45.1% men, letter = 2034; 54.9% Professional Sites dating online women, letter = 2478) was one of them studies. The fresh mean chronilogical age of the brand new victims was (SD = step 1.62). New sociodemographic services of subjects are described within the Table 1. For reference, 4060 youngsters (87.8%) was indeed portable residents (84.2% from men, n = 1718 out of 2041; 90.6% out-of girls, n = 2342 out-of 2584) one of the 4625 youngsters who responded to the question out-of mobile phone control (426 don’t operate).

Table 2 shows clinical characteristics between smartphone addiction and normal groups. Of the 4512 participants, 338 (7.5%) were categorized to the addiction group, while 4174 belonged to the normal group. The mean age in the addiction group and normal group was ± 1.63 and ± 1.44, respectively, with no statistical difference between the groups (t = 0.744, p = 0.458). Furthermore, socio-economic status and family structure had no statistical difference between the groups (? 2 = 3.912, p = 0.141; ? 2 = 0.685, p = 0.710). Apart from age, socio-economic status, and family structure, all other variables showed statistically significant differences between the addiction group and the normal group. These include: female sex (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.38–2.21), depression (OR 4.15, 95% CI 3.26–5.28), anxiety (OR 4.41, 95% CI 3.43–5.64), cigarette smoking (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.44–2.96), and alcohol use (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.22–2.16). The largest difference among all variables was noted with ADHD symptomspared to 26.0% of addiction group also belonging to the ADHD group, only 3.4% in the normal group were in the ADHD group. The odds ratio for smartphone addiction in ADHD group compared to non-ADHD was (? 2 = , p < 0.001).

Table 3 shows the Pearson correlation coefficients of smartphone addiction with other variables. Total smartphone addiction score showed greatest correlation with total CASS score (r = 0.427, p < 0.001). The total SAS score was also associated with total BDI score, total BAI score, female sex, smoking group, and alcohol use group in a statistically significant manner.

To identify the variables associated with smartphone addiction, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. All variables showing statistically significant difference between addiction group and normal group were entered and analyzed using backward method. In the goodness-of-fit test of the regression analysis model, the ? 2 log likelihood was and statistically significant (p < 0.001). In the first model tested, alcohol use had no statistically significant effect on smartphone addiction (B = 0.161, OR = 1.174 p = 0.375, 95% CI 0.823–1.675) and was, thus, removed from the final model. Table 4 shows the final model of the analysis; the odds ratio for smartphone addiction of female sex to males was 2.01 (95% CI 1.54–2.61). Odds ratio of ADHD group compared to non-ADHD group for song all variables (95% CI 4.60–9.00).