2.2 Problems with current investigation

As dowry is actually lawfully prohibited from inside the India and you can Bangladesh, people usually hesitate to inform you specific dowry amounts. The high quality question toward dowry throughout the Indian dataset asks on community-depending dowry. Such as for instance, the new India Individual Invention Questionnaire asks “Basically in the region getting a household for example your, what are the version of items that are provided because the gifts during the daughter’s marriage?” A residential area-oriented dowry isn’t the identical to one dowry, that is paid from the bride’s mothers during wedding. Instead, practical question off dowry lets only a binary respond to, we.e., no matter if an optimistic quantity of dowry is actually repaid (elizabeth.g., Survey into Reputation of females and Virility both in Asia and you may Pakistan). A binary respond to, of course, cannot provide far more info. Typical regarding if or not an optimistic dowry count emerges corresponds in order to, in fact it is mainly informed me because of the, cultural, spiritual, and you can caste experiences inside Southern area Asia.

While the dowry is not lawfully prohibited when you look at the Pakistan, the amount actually reduced of the female respondent’s parents shall be expected in place of booking for the a great Pakistani dataset for instance the Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire. Regardless of if Pakistani interviewees might not purposefully keep hidden real information regarding dowry practices, brand new questionnaire can get however consist of keep in mind problems as the respondents must bear in mind the brand new dowry amount paid of the their mothers in the past. Profile 1a plots of land the predict amount of genuine dowry philosophy counted inside Pakistani Rupees inside 2004 onto wedding season having fun with investigation regarding new Pakistan Outlying Household Survey. Since opinion is that real dowry numbers are increasing, or perhaps display a low-decreasing development, the newest figure means the entire interest away from recall errors. This basically means, this new offered the latest gap involving the interviewees’ relationships and also the recall date, a lot more likely he’s to overestimate the new dowry amount.

Matchmaking ranging from ladies’ ounts. The newest line shows the predicted actual level of dowry regressed into women’s marriage season. The shaded town reveals 95% depend on period of predict amount of dowry. The knowledge resources of (a) and (b) is Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire 2004, while the rural family survey held by writer within the 2013, correspondingly

step three Data

Towards the better of our studies, investigation amassed inside research will be the first to look at clearly a general tendency to overestimate a cost paid very long in the past. Similar to the characteristics out of before gathered bedste latinske lande til at finde ung kone data, ours are also retrospective; but not, considering it inclination, we including followed specific jobs to attenuate questionnaire remember problems. Particularly, i required the degree of one another society-created dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry count paid at the time of the brand new respondent’s relationships (retrospective). Given that Pakistani dowry includes gold/accessories, attire, chairs, cooking equipment, and so on, i queried dowry quantity because of the items. If we considered a respondent’s overestimation of the dowry count, especially in happening of a married relationship one happened a beneficial very long time before, because dowry was demonstrated, we could and did glance at such amounts having people who attended the brand new ceremony. Therefore, the investigation towards the forecast genuine amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t inform you any decreasing pattern, on the other hand with those individuals reported when you look at the Fig. 1a.

step 3.step one Survey

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).